There are no simple solutions to the challenge posed by the spread of sensitive technologies, but no government or international entity can afford to ignore the dilemma. Energy demand will continue to grow, and nuclear energy can and will be called upon to play an important role in meeting that demand. How well it can do so depends on how it deals with safety, waste management, physical security, and non-proliferation. What should be clear is that in order for nuclear power to play a significant role in meeting energy demand, it must demonstrate assurance that proliferation risks will not increase commensurate with its use. To this end we are compelled not only to ensure that nonproliferation regime rules are respected and enforced and that our verification arrangements are adequate, but that the NPT and its associated institutions adapt in a timely manner to new proliferation challenges. To be successful, these adjustments require not only political will, flexibility, and diplomacy, but also an awareness of the interrelated nature of political leadership, robust verification safeguards, and strong institutional arrangements.